[rdl]

I can think of ways for them to essentially use crypto as a negotiable bond (high rates due to uncertainty about politics and stability, although Iran itself is a good long-term growth bet in ways other than politics). Issue the CBDC in a way which essentially promises appreciation, do cross-chain atomic swaps for other currencies for overseas purchasing.

Might not be more efficient than, say, shipping tankers full of oil to countries who don't do the sanctions, or other goods, but it's an option. I think if there were essentially a way to anonymously buy 30% interest rate Iranian bonds at a retail level for crypto, you'd see people do it. They could also go after the stablecoin market by earmarking oil/other commodities/physical USD/etc. as backing.

[runeks]

Iran can easily issue BTC- or ETH-denominated bonds.

Why would a free market buy bonds denominated in some newly created currency? Smells like the issuer just wants to be able to devalue this currency in order to pay the interest.

In the end, the reason reasonable investors won't buy 30% BTC-denominated Iranian govt. bonds is that Iran will have to exchange the ETH/BTC earned from selling the bond (because whoever Iran wants to pay don't accept ETH/BTC), which exposes the investment to a huge exchange rate risk.