[sballin]

The fast ion loss probe used in fusion energy research is relevant to your last point. See figure 1 of [1], or if you have access see [2] for a good explanation.

[1] https://w3.pppl.gov/~szweben/Papers/coauthorpapers/DarrowRSI...

[2] https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5039311