[loeg]

NT's IO model gives you asynchronous wait on arbitrary event sources, including file IO — not just the network stack. It's actually quite nice if you get over the hideous type names and verbose CamelCase symbols.

In contrast, select(), from 4.2BSD through the current day, cannot be used for async IO on regular files. It simply returns immediately. If used naively this could result in a busy loop, I guess, although getting stuck in a blocking disk operation seems more likely to me.

[trasz]

One of the reasons all the BSDs have kqueue(2).

[loeg]

kqueue cannot be used for async IO on files, either. Same problem.

     EVFILT_READ         Takes a descriptor as the identifier, and returns
                         whenever there is data available to read.  The
                         behavior of the filter is slightly different
                         depending on the descriptor type.

                         Sockets
                             [Non-listen] socket descriptors return when there is
                             data to be read, subject to the SO_RCVLOWAT value
                             of the socket buffer.

                         Vnodes
                             Returns when the file pointer is not at the end
                             of file.  data contains the offset from current
                             position to end of file, and may be negative.

There's aio(4), but support and APIs vary wildly across platforms.

The Unix async model based around fds and select was really only designed for sockets, and has been extended to socket-like objects (pipes/fifos). Linux has added support for some other sources in the form of e.g. signalfd(), eventfd(), timerfd_create(); the BSDs just added it all to kqueue/kevent. Neither supports async file operations in the fd model (basic operations like read/write; nor more complicated operations like syncing a range, renaming a file, creating a file, etc).

[floatboth]

Why would AIO be useful at all?

[loeg]

aio(4), or asynchronous I/O on files in general?