It also makes running Docker a whole lot easier. I know there is Docker for Windows, but it feels like a red headed step child compared to Docker on Linux.
I'm not disagreeing to any of that, what I'm saying is that to run a Linux Docker container on Windows, you'll need a Linux VM which runs Docker, which is exactly what Docker for Windows does for you using HyperV.
A 10mb Linux container will still share the Linux kernel with the host, hence it's still running on Linux, even if it doesn't have any dynamic dependencies.
There's no OS "inside" the container, no, but it's still dependent on an OS.