[felix_nagaand]

Gmail : pick your client and add integrations for an online business app suite or combination of apps integrated together. The email itself is easy to replace, what's stalling adoption is integration to services like drive, and sheets. Replace those integrations with something like a self hosted open office. YouTube : probably the hardest to replace. The most likely companies to be able to provide the raw capital to compete in this space are porn companies. Maps : in a word, waze. The rest of the app makers will follow like a dog to a bone.

[buboard]

isn't waze also google? In general ,even if someone (like microsoft) invests heavily into this, they 'll stil be building on a platform that google controls (android). And this is only for the EU area, so not sure how such a business plan would work out.