[John_KZ]

Systems and programs are not interchangeable terms. The author seems to think that in order capture states you need to write a "system". That's just wrong.

A program is a set of commands. It can include state information and adaptability. A system is a system. A system, from a programming perspective, is something to be modeled and manipulated to a desired state. If you do this correctly, you're done. You don't need a degree in philosophy for this. On the other hand, a lot of programming involves creating a stateless function that looks like a simple set of commands. That's it. Input in, output out, predictable behavior, zero adaptability, zero mutability.