[JoeAltmaier]

No I contend nothing nothing about efficiency of each process- its the choice to participate at all that can make the difference.

And I read that first link, which seems to survey teachers and their opinions, with vague questions and no hard data. Not very damning at all? Which paper was nailing which coffins? I missed it.

[Kalium]

If a choice to participate or not, based on process and style, affects the outcomes of students do you think this would show up on outcome-oriented studies? Or are you contending that this effect would only be visible in individual outcomes, and cancel out across groups of any size?

You may also wish to read the second link from the above comment. It could contain the evidence you seek! http://steinhardtapps.es.its.nyu.edu/create/courses/2174/rea...