[jmcminis]

This is a really nice summary of some of the technical components required. You also need to know how to do different kinds of analysis to answer different kinds of questions. A few more things:

0. Scientific method - probably true for all domains. Not really a kind of analysis, more an approach to doing analysis.

1. Cohort analysis - used in aquisition and retention analysis.

2. Model building - used in all kinds of financial analysis.

3. A/B/... testing - determining the difference between 2 or more populations.

4. Exploratory - understanding the relationships in your data to develop intuition about it.

There are plenty of analysis techniques in use. You can learn more about these and others if you survey blogs and other literature. One that I find interesting is Tom Tunguz. He has a particular theme, but his analysis is very good. The methods and way of thought are transferrable. http://tomtunguz.com/