It cannot be done in compile-time in general case. Rice's theorem forbids. Every non-trivial property of a program (like whether result of this function lies in this range for all inputs in that range) is undecidable.
ETA: I'm not completely correct. Ada could have used something akin to 2-complement overflow handling, that is forcing every operation on a range to have a result in the same range, but it introduces runtime overhead too.