[Salamat]

It is the same story in some parts of the world but in Europe it is better where youngesters could take the train for free to all of EU countries, I think, although that was the case in differnt ways. Maybe you should read this nice analysis on it here:"Much has been said about the commodification of the city, a process by which urban space becomes a commodity and is thus systematically exploited for the primary purpose of profitmaking. Residents and tourists alike are reduced to “mere ‘extras’ in the great urban spectacle,” which is geared toward maximizing income." This is not to mention that they continue to be blighted by being car-based cities ill-suited for pedestrian life, and which cause thousands of traffic deaths per year, the highest rate in the world.

The answer, in short, is capital. More specifically, it is the form that capitalist enterprise has manifested as in the Gulf. Ever since the discovery of oil, most of the surplus petrodollars have poured into the so-called secondary circuit of infrastructure and real estate. Aside from oil, the region lacks primary productive circuits. As a result, much of the money the state gathered from selling oil abroad was poured directly into the built environment. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/11/gulf-states-oil-capital-e... EDITED for spelling.