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by vostok 2900 days ago
I suspect that I (as an individual investor in my retirement account and personal investments, not as an HFT) pay less.

My mental model is that pre-HFT, banks and other market makers made a lot more money per share traded. HFT outcompeted them and the HFTs make less money per share. I, as an individual investor, get to keep more of my money and less of it goes to various intermediaries.