[chriswarbo]

Nice summary. I would just like to add that `$` and `.` in Haskell aren't part of the language syntax, they're just normal functions/operators, which some people like to use.

We can define `$` ("apply a function to an argument") as:

    f $ x = f x

We can define `.` ("compose two functions") as (where `\x -> ...` is an anonymous function):

    f . g = \x -> f (g x)

Equivalents in, say, Javascript would be:

    function dollar(f, x) { return f(x); }

    function dot(f, g) { return function(x) { return f(g(x)); }

People mostly use `$` because of its precedence rules, which cause everything to its left to be treated as its first argument, and everything to the right as its second, i.e. we can use it to remove grouping parentheses like:

    (any complicated thing) (another complicated thing)

with:

    any complicated thing $ another complicated thing

It's also useful for partially applying, e.g. `map ($ x) fs` will apply each function in the list `fs` to the argument `x`.