[popmatrix]

It should be noted that relying on static initialization as suggested in the article, while at times useful, can open a new set of problems until initialization order is well-defined (it's out of scope for the article, so I imagine the author is aware and just opting for brevity). Some compilers provide an explicit ordering mechanism (clang and GCC) and the there are proposals in the C++ standards at the moment, but until then relying on static initialization is something one should think about potentially solving differently. Depending on the architecture, there tends to also be well-defined hooks for functions to run pre and post-main which is another consistent model for initialization/shutdown.

Edit: spelling

[monocasa]

I had a really good experience designing an RTOS initialization system that both depended on static initialization, but didn't have issues with ordering either (and in fact didn't even have a main, post init just went right into the idle thread).

Basically I only let children of one class be statically initialized (and enforced this with a tool that goes through the generated binary and type information). These 'subsystem' classes then gets callbacks after all of the static initializers have run which allows them to find the other subsystems they depend on, and then that dependency graph is walked to initialize the full system (the dependency graph has to be a DAG or the system faults). Combined with a code review rule that static initializations only happen in one compilation unit in an anonymous namespace, and nothing else can happen there, means that no one can really touch other subsystems before they've all been initialized, and therefore the order doesn't matter.

I was really happy with how it turned out, despite being completely off the wall compared to how C++ normally works.

[pnathan]

> despite being completely off the wall

embedded systems software in one phrase. :-D

[pdpi]

> relying on static initialization is something one should think about potentially solving differently

This is such a notorious problem, it even has a name: Static Initialisation Order Fiasco (see: https://isocpp.org/wiki/faq/ctors#static-init-order)

The symmetrical Static Destruction Order Fiasco is also a very fun problem to deal with. The solution proposed for SIOF in the C++ FAQ does nothing to help you deal with this one, though.

[pcwalton]

Perhaps worse, lots of new languages, for example Go, copied this mistake from C++. :(

[helper]

Is the "static initialization order fiasco" a thing that can happen in go? The order of package level variable initialization is well defined in the spec and because go doesn't allow import cycles it seems like the issue mentioned in the linked page is not possible.

[pcwalton]

Static initialization order may be defined, but that doesn't mean it's easy to reason about.

[pjmlp]

Actually, if you mean package initialization blocks, they were already present in Mesa derived languages.

[RealityVoid]

In embedded you can usually modify every step from boot to main. They are just pieces of code you can interact with and make them do whatever you want and initialize stuff in whatever order you want, providing you know what you do.

Deviating with a war story now, I once modified some startup code so it self-detected its boot location and initialized the ram data according to this location shift. It was fun, but debugging code you relocated is a pain because you need to somehow relocate the symbols as well.

[2RTZZSro]

What was the project for where you wrote code that self-detected its boot location?

[RealityVoid]

Well, a bootloader and the self-detection was useful for the bootloader self-update. The update bootloader would be copied in a different section and on reset would start and copy itself over the original bootloader section.

I also wanted to maintain full functionality even at shifted location in case the self-copy process somehow failed. Never did fail, at least to my knowledge.

[fra]

In the embedded software context, you typically do your own static initialization in a startup.S file or equivalent. There should be 0 ambiguity as to when your DATA section is copied to RAM.

[monocasa]

There's generally a difference between "static initialization" copying .data from ROM to RAM, and running static initialization functions out of the table. That table doesn't really have ordering constraints generally.

[drb91]

> Depending on the architecture, there tends to also be well-defined hooks for functions to run pre and post-main which is another consistent model for initialization/shutdown.

Is atexit the post-main hook to which you were referring, or is that just the posix hook into a larger class of post-main hooks?