[hota_mazi]

> monad transformers (the promise of aspect oriented programming actually realized)

I hardly see any overlap between these two concepts.

AOP is about cross cutting concerns and being able easily insert similar functionalities in unrelated areas of the code.

Monad transformers are the hack you need to use to make monads compose.

[danharaj]

Monad transformers are distinct from monad composition, it just seems like they're the same because a monad transformer takes the Identity monad to some other monad. The correct conceptualization of monad composition is a distributive law called as such because it generalizes distributive laws from algebra. Of course the two are related.

Monad transformers allow one to slice up the functionality and concerns of a program in a dimension different from slicing of a program into components that are then composed together; e.g. a bunch of functions that call each other or a bunch of objects that pass messages between themselves.

Each monad transformer in a transformer stack adds functionality and concerns that the other parts of the stack don't need to care about. Components can then be written polymorphically in the concerns they care about allowing them to be instantiated wherever the capabilities they need are present. Ultimately a program is instantiated to a particular transformer stack and then it is supplied effect handlers that reduce it to the base monad (often IO). The ability to modify functionality in a cross-cutting way is concentrated in the effect handler which is at the discretion of the call site, not the implementation site.

This is not quite AOP but it's in the same space. It's hard to see in small apps but quickly emerges as the scale of a Haskell application grows.

[tathougies]

How are monad transformers a hack? They have a solid theory behind them.

i'm not sure where you got the idea that they 'make monads compose'. Monads don't compose. It's nonsensical to talk about monad composition in general, because there is nothing about the structure of a monad that allows it to compose (quite the opposite, really). Some things which may form some monads do compose with certain other things that form monads, but this is like saying 'Abelian groups' are the 'hack' you need to make groups commutative -- it's a meaningless statement.

[mavelikara]

Agree that monads don't compose.

I am not the OP, and not a Haskell programer, but my understanding is that Monad Transformers exist because Monads don't compose, and when you want monadic effects to compose, you use Monad Transformers (the other option is a go crazy writing every combination and ordering of effects you want by hand).

I got this impression from the papers I have read, particularly this one [1]

    Monad transformers offer an additional benefit to monadic 
    programming: by providing a library of different monads and 
    types and functions for combining these monads, it is possible 
    to create custom monads simply by composing the necessary monad 
    transformers. For example, if you need a monad with state and 
    error handling, just take the StateT and ErrorT monad transformers 
    and combine them.

Notice the last line of the snippet I posted above. What am I missing?

[1]: Monad Transformers Step by Step https://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/scravy/realworldhaskell/materia...

[tathougies]

Monad transformers exist independent of the fact that monads don't compose. Can you explain what you mean by 'monad transformers exist because monads don't compose'? Are you saying the concept of a monad transformer wouldn't exist if monads did compose? This makes no sense, as there are applicative transformers despite the fact that you can compose applicatives freely.

[mavelikara]

> Monad transformers exist independent of the fact that monads don't compose. Can you explain what you mean by 'monad transformers exist because monads don't compose'?

I see what you mean.

You are right - the concept of Monad Transformers exist independent of the fact that monads don't compose.

What I meant was that MTs exist in Haskell programs because Monads don't compose. Of course, there probably exists a Haskell program where this is not the case, but I am certain MTs are largely used in Haskell because Monads don't compose.

BTW, the grandparent is not the first to coin "MTs are .. use(d) to make monads compose" usage. The late Paul Hudak et al writes in [1] that:

     A ground-breaking attempt to better solve the overall
     problem began with Moggi’s proposal to use monads to
     structure denotational semantics. Wadler popularized
     Moggi’s ideas in the functional programming community
     by showing that many type constructors (such as List) were
     monads and how monads could be used in a variety of
     settings, many with an “imperative” feel (such as in Peyton
     Jones & Wadler). Wadler’s interpreter design, however,
     treats the interpreter monad as a monolithic structure which
     has to be reconstructed every time a new feature is added.
     More recently, Steele proposed pseudomonads as a way
     to compose monads and thus build up an interpreter from
     smaller parts, but he failed to properly incorporate important
     features such as an environment and store, and struggled
     with restrictions in the Haskell type system when trying
     to implement his ideas. In fact, pseudomonads are really
     just a special kind of monad transformer, first suggested by
     Moggi as a potential way to leave a “hole” in a monad
     for further extension.

Notice the usage Steele proposed pseudomonads as a way to compose monads. So this usage has been established in the Haskell community at least from 1995. Why are you, presumably a Haskell programmer, surprised when someone repeated that usage in 2018 on an internet forum?

[1]: Monad Transformers and Modular Interpreters (http://haskell.cs.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/POPL96...)

[tathougies]

> Why are you, presumably a Haskell programmer, surprised when someone repeated that usage in 2018 on an internet forum?

I hate the way monads in general are talked about in the Haskell community (I also do not like the language for other algebraic terms). In particular, it is common to say 'data type X is a monad'. This statement is completely nonsensical. A monad is a thing along with some operations. Haskell data is a concrete description of how to store a thing. By itself, a piece of data has no operations associated with it. There is no way a particular data type could be a monad, since a data type is just a thing.

The proper terminology is 'X forms a monad along with these functions' or 'X has an instance for the Monad type class' (this is different, because the monad type class allows for a subset of monads, not general monads). I am on a personal mission to rid the Haskell world of sloppy language because it confuses beginners, in my opinion. For a long time, I thought monads were a thing. Then I realized they're just an algebraic structure, like groups or rings.

When we say things like 'monads don't compose' it makes it seem like there is some deficiency in the idea of a monad that makes them not compose, rather than a realization that monad composition results in zero or more ways to combine two arbitrary monads. Thinking just the former makes you wonder if monads ought to be fixed. Realizing the latter means you realize that the lack of a fix indicates that putting two monads together can accomplish a variety of tasks, only one of which is likely suited to your use case.

[evincarofautumn]

> …it is common to say 'data type X is a monad'. This statement is completely nonsensical…

I think the reason for this is that in Haskell we model algebraic structures using typeclasses, which are dispatched by type. So we say “X is a monoid, with mempty and mappend defined as follows”:

    instance Monoid X where
      mempty = …
      mappend = …

Instead of “X, emptyX, and appendX form a monoid”:

    instance Monoid X emptyX appendX
    emptyX = …
    appendX = …

This leads to what I call the “newtype hack” for distinguishing different monoids (resp. monads, &c.) on the same underlying type.

[mavelikara]

Thanks for writing this. I understand now where you come from and am sympathetic to your reasoning. Thanks again!

[danharaj]

> Notice the usage Steele proposed pseudomonads as a way to compose monads. So this usage has been established in the Haskell community at least from 1995. Why are you, presumably a Haskell programmer, surprised when someone repeated that usage in 2018 on an internet forum?

Shockingly, our understanding of monads and monad transformers has advanced in the last 23 years.

[mavelikara]

> Shockingly, our understanding of monads and monad transformers has advanced in the last 23 years.

@danharaj, of course!

At least enough that when someone says "MTs exist to compose monads", to understand it as "MTs are used in Haskell programs to compose monadic effects".

[justinhj]

Would it be correct to say that certain implementations of Monad make aspect oriented programming possible? One example is the Writer monad which allows recording the state of a sequence of monad operations. Essentially separating the concerns of logging and the actual computation. Perhaps OP means that combining monads (with transformers) enables multiple of these cross cutting concerns to operate together without knowledge of each other

[lmm]

> AOP is about cross cutting concerns and being able easily insert similar functionalities in unrelated areas of the code.

Yes, monad transformers exist to let you do that. They're the thing that makes it possible to insert an effect in a code area that's using other, unrelated effects.

[hota_mazi]

Reread carefully my characterization of AOP.

Cross cutting concerns allow you to insert a certain line of code in "file 1 at line 223 and file 2 at line 400" because these lines match a certain type safe regexp.

Monad transformers accomplish nothing remotely close to that.

[lmm]

Don't be so rude.

> Cross cutting concerns allow you to insert a certain line of code in "file 1 at line 223 and file 2 at line 400" because these lines match a certain type safe regexp.

What you're describing is the implementation details of how AOP works. Cross-cutting concerns refers to the problem statement: secondary concerns that need to be addressed in the same way in different parts of the codebase with minimal disruption to the primary logical code in those different parts of the codebase.