Indeed there's nothing stopping it. Meteor have tutorials for react [0] and angular [1], so although there isn't a tutorial for it, the JavaScript fundamentals of Meteor won't change if you use Vue.js.
Yes, there are advantages to being decoupled from the underlying framework, as you point out.
If you're a Ruby on Rails shop, Meteor is probably not for you.
But I think people under-appreciate Meteor's value proposition of not having to piece together multiple frameworks -- especially in JavaScript world, which seemingly produces a new framework every other day.