[achompas]

> How much of that is critical domain specific knowledge and how much of that is just general engineering debugging/problem solving experience though?

It's both, right? You pick up problem-solving techniques as a researcher or engineer; as the former, those techniques lean towards scientific problems. Your average engineer doesn't need to know about contrasting.

Again: it's possible to learn the necessary math in your spare time! I agree!! However, it's far easier to do it in a graduate program as a full-time job for 2-5+ years.