According to the Russian Wiki article, Energiya's first stage was designed to be reusable by the way of parachutes, solid fuel engines and supports, however, the system was not implemented during its two launches and the parachute containers were loaded with other equipment. Wiki gives this as reference:
http://www.buran.ru/htm/09-3.htm
And rockets landing and taking off many times is a very old idea, also not invented in USSR in the 70's.