[sjbase]

Potentially. But then for biological, you'd also need to include whatever system generated the ATP, oxygen, electric impulse, etc to power the muscle, right?

IMO, the crucial piece of information: how much pneumatic energy is needed per unit force for one of these, compared to that of more naive designs.

[icc97]

Given that the actuators are so light, it means that you don't need the extra power required to lift the actuator itself.

They indicate that they've had a 1000x increase, which means that to lift 1kg you only need force to lift 1.001kg instead of 2kg