[adrr]

Bigbank is the only one in your scenario that actually has monetary loss since they lent out the money and most likely will never get it back. In identity theft, the company has the financial loss. FBI won't investigate unless its over 250k in losses as well.

[TheCondor]

You certainly can quantify the monetary losses to Alice too. When her credit rating is shit and she buys a car or home, the banks are expert at placing those rates and can tell you exactly how much more she pays. What is more difficult is calculating the loss of what she doesn't even do due to bad credit, like she might not be able to rent the same apartment, she might not even try to buy a car.

She may not have to pay that bank loan back but that doesn't clear her credit up immediately.

[Spooky23]

Fraud isn't limited to credit. My dad had someone open a savings account in his name and transfer a significant amount of money via ACH. He only found out because he got a welcome or from the bank!

The police investigator told him that the particular fraud that he was a victim to was impacting >500 people and >$5M

[MikeGale]

Pretty twisted world where provable financial loss is the only or main measure.