[AstralStorm]

What is rational when you have limited data? Heck, even bounded rational? How do you evaluate utility?

(Hint: Emax is not, most hill climbing algorithms are not. They both get trapped in local optima.)

Sometimes you need a few good lies (false hypotheses and bad attempts) to actually arrive at the truth.

[red75prime]

There are methods of approximating expected utility. I recommend "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach" for getting the info. It's too long to write in a comment.