[ngrilly]

Thanks! Does WAL-G provides some kind of "continuous backup" where changes committed to the database are continuously streamed to the backup storage? Or does it work "step by step", for example by backing up every 5 minutes or every 10 MB?

[andruby]

It does continuous backup like WAL-E.

Both back up PG's WAL files (Write Ahead Log) and allow restoring your database state as it was at a specific time or after a specific transaction committed. This is known as point-in-time recovery (PITR) [0]

Users and admins make mistakes, and accidentally delete or overwrite data. With PITR you can restore in a new environment, just before the mistake occurred and recover the data from there.

[0] https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.6/static/continuous-archiv...

[ngrilly]

What I meant is that the archive_command is run only when a WAL segment is completed or when archive_timeout is reached. In the meantime, nothing is backed up. On a low traffic database, this can be a problem. I'm wondering if there is a way to continuously stream the WAL to an object storage like S3, without waiting to have a complete segment.

[daurnimator]

S3 is a block store; not something you can really stream to.

However it might be interesting to stream WAL logs to e.g. AWS Kinesis....

[simtel20]

You can open multi-part transfers and close out the transfer when you're ready, which can be used so that it is very close to streaming; for this case perhaps it's close enough to try with wall-g if it otherwise supports it.

[ngrilly]

You're right. S3 is an object store and doesn't support the append operation, which is required for what I want to do. Thanks!

[andruby]

That's the usecase for archive_timeout. I set it to 60 seconds. So at most I'll have lost 60s + the time to transfer the file to s3, which shouldn't be more than a couple seconds.

[ngrilly]

According to PostgreSQL documentation, "archived files that are archived early due to a forced switch are still the same length as completely full files".

I'm afraid to use a lot of storage for WAL segments that are mostly empty:

16 MB per segment x 60 minutes x 24 hours x 7 days = 161 GB/week

Does WAL-G/WAL-E compression help?

[andruby]

Yes, the lzop compression helps a lot, and I imagine that mostly "empty files" will be more compressible.

On a staging server with little activity, the compressed WAL-E wal files go as low as 1.9MB per 10 minutes. (~2GB/week)

The production server has files between 4 and 12MB per 1 minute or less. (~220GB/week)

WAL-E has a good `wal-e delete retain` command that removes older base backups and wal files.

[ngrilly]

2 GB/week is so much better than 161 GB/week! It looks like compression helps a lot. Thanks for sharing these numbers.