[tom_mellior]

Not to belabor the point, but...

> the only bullet-proof way to limit the scope of unsafe code is at the module boundary with privacy

I understand how this is meant in the context of that page, and it is true that modules protect against users messing with modules' internal invariants.

But does that also work the other way around? In the example in https://gankro.github.io/blah/only-in-rust/#unbound-lifetime... it's not the caller messing with the callee's state, it's the callee messing up the caller's state. Do modules help at all here? That is, would the function

    fn foo<'a>(input: *const u32) -> &'a u32 {
        unsafe {
            return &*input
        }
    }

become less dangerous, or maybe impossible to call, when put into a module?

[steveklabnik]

I would argue that this is not the caller making the mistake; it's this function. That is, since this function is safe, any safe code should be able to call it and not generate UB. It's not the caller's fault here, it's the incorrect implementation.

[tom_mellior]

> It's not the caller's fault here, it's the incorrect implementation.

I agree. But then this shows that it's possible to write "safe" Rust code that only calls "safe" external code and still (to a first approximation) have the possibility of undefined behavior showing up at any point. In other words, Rust's famous static, compiler-enforced guarantees are not guarantees at all, more like firm promises.

Nothing wrong with that; it's easy to write memory-corrupting code in other safe-by-default languages like Haskell or OCaml as well. But it seems like Rust's marketing materials do try to suggest otherwise, and many people get wrong impressions (look at the first post in this thread, and the other comments on this article saying that Rust's "safe" code is 100% free from undefined behavior).

[steveklabnik]

I mean, safe code is. Again, it's the unsafe that's at fault here.

Your point about other languages is exactly what I was going to say; unsafe is like an FFI layer. Nobody says that Ruby isn't memory safe because it can call into C code, and if someone messes up the C, well, it's at fault. "It's memory safe except for FFI" is a mouthful, and so people generally let the exceptions slide. Same with Rust.