[gwern]

I think you should read the rest of this conversation thread. Some population groups are surviving hybrids but the percentage is very small (my own Neanderthal percentage is just 2.4%, so I'm actually almost more Jewish than Neanderthal), not evenly distributed (Asian is much less AFAIK, it's mostly a European thing), and even in the ones which are, the percentage of hybridization is decreasing steeply over time; and yes, all the Neanderthals are gone, which doesn't speak well for their fitness.

[cronjobber]

> Some population groups are surviving hybrids but the percentage is very small

The pure genotypes were obviously out-competed, surviving Europeans and (East?) Asians are descendants of hybrids.

Aside 1:

> Asian is much less AFAIK, it's mostly a European thing)

Latest I heard is that it's actually the other way around, East Asians are more N. than Europeans.

Aside 2:

> my own Neanderthal percentage is just 2.4%, so I'm actually almost more Jewish than Neanderthal

So you've been told that you're mumble percent Jewish? Have you verified that you don't just happen to have a bunch of perfectly European genes that—even though characteristic for Ashkenazic Jews—are not at all unique to them because of their >60% European admixture?

[gwern]

> The pure genotypes were obviously out-competed, surviving Europeans and (East?) Asians are descendants of hybrids.

Non-Neanderthal-descended-humans obviously weren't out-competed since they still exist, and because of all the evidence for harm from the Neanderthal variants which is why the variants are being selected against.

> Have you verified that you don't just happen to have a bunch of perfectly European genes that

Pretty sure. I trust 23andMe to get ancestry right for white people like me. And further, the genealogists in the family already knew about there being one Jew in the family tree who converted to Catholicism & married into the family about the right number of generations back; I had had no idea because I don't care about that sort of thing.