[tjl]

In Canada, there's a few hundred districts across the country, so each one is no more than a few hundred thousand people at most. But, I'd say most are under 50k people. Those districts each get to elect one person to parliament. If one party gets a majority of the seats in parliament, they form the government (a majority government). If they don't (but have the largest number of seats for a single party), they try and form a coalition and form a minority government. If they can't form a coalition, the next largest party gets a chance to do it and if so they form the government. Realistically, this second option doesn't really happen.

So, doesn't a district elect a congressperson? If so, the voting bloc isn't a whole state, except I guess for electing the President and senators. Canada doesn't have an elected senate and we don't have anything like an elected President. We have a Prime Minister, but they're the head of the governing party in parliament. We also have a Governor-General, who represents the Queen as our head of state, but it's mostly a ceremonial position, except when there's a change in government. Even then, they're highly constrained and it's basically ceremonial there too.