[yogthos]

I find that you still need the same tests using a statically typed language that you would need using Clojure. The reason being that the type system does little to ensure semantic correctness.

For example, consider a sort function. The types can tell me that I passed in a collection of a particular type and I got a collection of the same type back. However, what I really want to know is that the collection contains the same elements, and that they're in order. This is what you really care about at the end of the day, does the function do what I intended.

This is difficult to express using most type systems out there. You could use dependent to express that, but it certainly wouldn't be something that you get for free with Haskell.

So, you'll still have to write tests to ensure that the function is semantically correct for anything non-trivial.

It's also worth noting that Clojure Spec lets me express exactly what I care about using the same language semantics I'm already using to write regular Clojure code:

    (s/def ::sortable (s/coll-of number?))

    (s/def ::sorted #(or (empty? %) (apply <= %)))

    (s/fdef mysort
            :args (s/cat :s ::sortable)
            :ret  ::sorted
            :fn   (fn [{:keys [args ret]}]
                    (and (= (count ret)
                            (-> args :s count))
                         (empty?
                          (difference
                           (-> args :s set)
                           (set ret))))))

The specification will check that the arguments follow the expected pattern, and that the result is sorted, and I can do an arbitrary runtime check using the arguments and the result. In this case it can verify that the returned items match the input.

[rahulmutt]

I should mention that a good testing discipline is required in Eta as well but you would focus your testing on high-level properties using frameworks like QuickCheck. Moreover, you don't lose as much if you don't write tests like you would in dynamic languages like Clojure.

Thanks for the example! My point was not that you can't test effectively in Clojure, but just that doing things like refactoring is much easier in Eta because of the numerous static checks.

[yogthos]

My experience is that you just use different strategies for structuring your code. Static typing allows you to write monolithic projects that have lots of internal interdependencies.

This is where the ease of refactoring with static typing comes into play. An argument could be made that static typing facilitates writing code that has a lot of coupling between components.

Dynamic typing forces you to break things up into independent components much more aggressively. I think that it's a very good thing. Low coupling allows for higher code reuse, and reduced mental overhead when reasoning about code.

If you look at the Clojure ecosystem, most of it consists of small focused libraries that solve a particular problem.

Conversely, projects are structured using small independent modules that implement a particular piece of functionality. These modules can be tested at the API level.

When I make any changes, I run the API tests and if those pass, then I know that the modules does what it's supposed to. Now we also have Spec that makes it even easier to express constraints and document intent of the code.

I've never found the need to do TDD or have unit tests when working with Clojure. When I'm developing new functionality, I use the REPL, and I know exactly what my code is doing at any time.

Once the functionality is implemented and the code is doing what I need, I turn the REPL session into tests at that point.

[js8]

"Dynamic typing forces you to break things up into independent components much more aggressively."

I have the opposite experience with Haskell vs. Common Lisp or Python, but possibly because Haskell is purely functional, while CL and Python are imperative. I tend to write smaller functions in Haskell, where in CL and Python I create bigger functions with intermediate variables and bindings.

Another reason is probably absence of keyword arguments in Haskell which kind of forces you to make functions in Haskell to do only one thing and not too many things.

[yogthos]

Yeah, I definitely think that the functional style coupled with immutability plays a huge factor.

However, I'm not referring to writing shorter functions in that comment, but rather about higher level components like namespaces.

Refactoring becomes painful when a particular piece of data is used in many parts of the application. When you change the shape of that data, then you have to make sure you update every place that uses it. This is where static typing can help ensure that you didn't miss anything in your refactoring.