While I haven't used it with something as rarely used as Decimal, I almost always alias numpy and tensorflow to np and tf respectively. I find it cleans up the code drastically.
You're right. I wouldn't import a function as a single letter module if I was only using it once or twice, but I do think there's value in some cases. decimal.Decimal("1.2345") or even d.Decimal("1.2345") can be cluttering.
Going by the guide, you would do 'import pprint; pprint.pprint("foo")'...which, at least in my experience, I've never seen. It's always "from pprint import pprint" or "from pprint import pprint as pp" It could be that I work with slobs.
I don't think having a different view on the relative value of conciseness vs. visible name spacing than is at play in the Google Python style guide makes you a slob.
You find "decimal" to be an inconveniently long name? In my experience "import...as" is reserved for things like PowerIterationClustering and the like. The overriding principle is to always choose readability over succinctness.
Depends how often it's used. If you're just calling it once I wouldn't bother, but I was going off of makecheck's comment of, "if I had to write tons of those in code." I misread the style guide linked, I do find decimal.Decimal("12.34567") inconveniently long--but I generally don't mind inconveniently long names for increased intelligibility and the IDE does most of the heavy lifting. I don't often use "as" it's usually to increase the readability.
Similarly, I often see "from pprint import pprint as pp"