[nonbel]

It really is not a complex concept. If that is too "mysterious and complex" of a process for the audience to understand then I doubt there is much point attempting rational communication with them. Note: I think the vast majority of people could easily understand my sketch above.

[QuantumRoar]

There is a difference between using statistical models and understanding the underlying processes. I can tell someone that when we smash together Muons and nucleons that there is a certain chance that we will produce Kaons. That, I believe, many can understand.

What I cannot explain briefly to a general audience is how quantum field theory and the standard model of particle physics works and how we can compute the probabilities from that.

Just because you know that something is happening, doesn't mean you understand anything about the underlying processes involved.

[nonbel]

"when we smash together Muons and nucleons that there is a certain chance that we will produce Kaons."

I don't think that is a fair comparison. My description had much more content than this, it was a high level overview of the proposed process. In contrast, your example does not explain anything.

[QuantumRoar]

> Every time a cell divides there is some chance of a genetic error occurring.

> Activities that damage tissue, etc and necessitate cell division to replenish the cells will contain cells with more errors.

I don't see how your explanation could enable anything but a statistical model.

The underlying processes I'm talking about would be molecular interactions modeled through the domain of theoretical chemistry or even mechanical processes, probably involving the quantum mechanics of many particle systems. This is probably the mysterious and complex part that is not well understood. Your example does nothing to explain how that works.

Damage happens, yes, this much is clear, but how do the molecules of smoke interact with the cells in the lungs and other places in order to cause the mutations? Can we compute what happens when a nicotine molecule hits a lung cell? Probably not... because it is too complex and mysterious.

[nonbel]

"I don't see how your explanation could enable anything but a statistical model."

First, I wouldn't call Armitage and Doll a "statistical model", it is more a "rational model" derived from first principle considerations. "Statistical models" are stuff like linear regressions, at least to me.

Second, my explanation is useful in that if it is correct, we would need a certain combination of division and error rates to explain age-specific incidence curves. So, within the context of the model (which is commonly accepted), we can put upper lower bounds on these values from epidemiological data.

See for example my earlier discussion on this site[1]. Even if you disagree with my conclusions (somatic mutation can't do it... something is up and hundreds of billions to trillions of $ have been wasted barking up the somatic mutation tree), or find a mistake, that is still what it can be used for:

[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12669110

[QuantumRoar]

First, from Wikipedia [1]: "The Armitage–Doll model is a statistical model of carcinogenesis [...]"

Second, the paper itself [2] talks about cancer rates and uses experimental data for it (I just glossed over it, so I can't give a decent summary). This is a statistical model.

I think we disagree since you misunderstand what the term statistical model means. Furthermore, you are misusing the term "first principles." First principles really means that you start from a well established theory that describes how something works. From there you predict mathematically, or with a computer simulation, what the reality is. Using experimental data is strictly forbidden.

From Wikipedia [3]: "In physics and other sciences, theoretical work is said to be from first principles, or ab initio, if it starts directly at the level of established science and does not make assumptions such as empirical model and fitting parameters."

I generally have no idea about cancer research, so I have to trust you and cannot comment on the usefulness of the approach.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armitage%E2%80%93Doll_multista...

[2] http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v91/n12/pdf/6602297a.pdf

[3]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_principle

[nonbel]

1) The original implementation of the Armitage-Doll model contains simplifications made for computational reasons that mess it up. You can easily see this by checking that the probability of a mutation per cell goes over one (see eq 1 in the appendix of Armitage and Doll 1954). Check the link to my earlier discussion on this site for the corrected version. BTW, I also see some discussion of Armitage & Doll in the appendix of the current Alexandrov et al. (2016) paper (they use the simplified version of the model).

2) Every model is originally based on some kind of observation. The Armitage-Doll model is basically "cancer is caused by the accumulation of errors in a single cell", then they go on and do the math from there. Sure, it would be great to know exactly what those errors are, how many it takes, which cells, etc so that we can constrain all the parameters. You are saying that "from first principles" precludes having any parameters, either free or determined by data?

3) As I said, I think the above is quite different from a statistical model like y = a +b*x + eps. Note: In some cases you can deduce an equation like that from an idea like Armitage-Doll, which is fine. Armitage-Doll definitely has more content to it.

[justinhj]

The first line of Wikipedia's entry states "The Armitage–Doll model is a statistical model of carcinogenesis, proposed in 1954 by Peter Armitage and Richard Doll, which suggested that a sequence of multiple distinct genetic events preceded the onset of cancer."

It's clearly a mathematical/statistical model of a phenomenon and not an explanation of the underlying processes.

[nonbel]

>"the observed relationship would be explained if a cancer cell was the end-result of seven successive mutations."

http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v91/n12/pdf/6602297a.pdf

That is clearly a process, not like the example of Muons and Kaons proposed to be similar (ie "A is correlated with B").

Of course, the next step is to figure out htf this process works.