[hepta]

It relates to typing as a method of encoding invariants, yes. I was trying to say that it is unrelated to which "type" of typing. That is, I can perfectly imagine a statically typed language where you could encode such restrictions as easily as you do with Elixir and you would get the same result, a runtime error.

Regarding your rating example, you could encode that restriction in a type (or class in OO) and have a guarantee that once you have an instance of that type you no longer need to check for it's validity. Rendering a Rating would never fail at runtime, you'd get a type error first.