[_delirium]

Fwiw this used to be a major concept in American political discourse as well, regarding both Jews and Catholics, although it typically didn't extend to actually arresting people, just keeping them out of political positions, and "sensitive" employment like schoolteacher. There was a widespread opinion that they had "divided loyalties" because while they were Americans, they also might feel loyalty to (depending on who you asked) foreign leaders or movements like the Pope or "International Jewry". The first serious Catholic candidate for U.S. president (Al Smith in 1928) was widely accused of being unfit to be U.S. president because his religion meant that he had a religious obligation to follow the infallible guidance of the Pope, a foreign head of state.

[ptaipale]

Quite. I suppose the interment of Japanese Americans in 1940's is a prime example of this. Later it has been widely denounced.