[andrewaylett]

At least the first two on your list still use Visa or MasterCard under the hood, and still use the same infrastructure as paying with your generic NFC payment card -- and while I'm sure there are other companies providing such services, in practice I don't think I've seen an NFC payment card that wasn't Visa.

The issue here isn't so much getting the kit into the hands of the consumers, as into the hands of the retailers: if they can't use the infrastructure they already have, you'll have real difficulty getting any traction. See Also: Powa, which for all its other failings still had the over-arching failing that they were trying to facilitate two-sided transactions without having anyone on either side.