Like I said - people say this all the time, but a lot of vacuum tube equipment did die in EMP testing (in the USSR in 1964), and I don't see why vacuum tubes should be less vulnerable than solid state electronics to either short or long pulses (nuclear EMP contains both). A glass vacuum tube will pick up orders of magnitude more interference than a small transistor sitting inside its grounded metal can (and it's weight-prohibitive to build a metal shield around all your vacuum tubes), and the high voltage induced can damage either the vacuum tube itself, or something else inside the device. Unfortunately, very little has been published on this (although we do know that militaries test their modern solid-state devices with EMP, and they generally pass), and any online search produces a deluge of statements to the effect of "vacuum tubes are impervious to EMP" without anything to back that up. If there was ever a direct test of vacuum tubes vs. solid state, that would be very interesting to find.
Transistors of the 1950s and 1960s were particularly vulnerable to high voltages. Modern transistors and ICs have some resistance to high voltage discharges such as static electricity, but back in those days, you could easily destroy entire circuits with your hand. Early transistors were made with materials and processes we would consider sub-standard today, which is particularly significant because they were almost exclusively using bipolars instead of MOSFETs (which are much more durable), and the manufacturers of the 60s could not and did not add protection diodes. ESD control was one reason why certain American companies got so far ahead of the Soviets (and the less-adaptable competition such as Phillips, whose workforce refused to adopt ESD control practices).
True, and electrostatic discharge from your finger is no joke - it can be tens of kilovolts and carries significant, if not huge, energy. However, a discharge like that going right into a very small device, and the actual die of the transistor is tiny, is very different from interference/EMP damaging said device, where the small size actually offers protection. After all, a completed transistorized device from the 1950s is not vulnerable to static discharge - otherwise, you couldn't pick it up. With everything connected to ground where it should be, it is quite robust.
Modern ICs are much more durable and resistant to ESD than devices from those days; you can run an electronics manufacturing facility (not a semiconductor fab) without much ESD protection these days, whereas that would've been a pipe-dream in the 60s. They are sending consumer and commercial-grade semiconductors into space on satellites with service lives over 12 months these days; back in the 1960s, all satellites required rad-hard components (and had very short service lives). Semiconductors are much better these days, due to improvements in materials, processes, testing, and inspection equipment.
People underestimate the energies produced by nuclear EMP. Car magnetos were dying in the trials, power lines and telegraph wires were getting shot through. Your nice tube amp would have no chance.
Do you have a reputable source for any of that? EMP effect is measured by field strength in volts per meter. If you don't have an antenna, or something to act like an antenna (telegraph/telephone/electric power lines) connected to a piece of equipment, the induced voltage in the equipment cannot be extremely large.
Solid state electronics are extremely susceptible to even mild overvoltages. Tubes are not. And magnetos are not. Low-tech magnetos ignition systems are considered to be practically invulneable to EMP.
> I also must re-emphasize the fact that during Soviet high-altitude nuclear tests over Kazakhstan in 1962, rugged diesel generators having no solid state parts were burned out by E1 EMP.
Typical E1 pulse component has up to 50KV/m at ground level and is a high-frequency spectrum, you don't need a long antenna for that. EU railway field immunity test is 10 volts per meter and huge portion of industrial electronic equipment fails that already.
Stuff that burns power lines are lower frequency (and lower yield) E2&E3 components.
Not reputable. Does the author have any conception of diesel engine theory? I do. Prior to computer controls (circa 1990s), the only active electrical component involved in keeping a diesel like the one in my Audi 5000 running, once started, is the fuel shutoff solenoid. Jam that open mechanically, and you can throw the alternator and battery away.
Your Audi has an alternator, just as the diesel generator mentioned there. It has no active components, just stator coils and possibly a rectifier, yet it was cooking up.
Yes, it has an alternator, and as I already explained, if you push-start the car and jam the fuel cutoff solenoid, you don't even need the alternator (or the battery). OK, you need them at night, for the headlights.
Those windings and diodes will carry 100 amps continuously. The E1 pulse isn't going to touch them. It doesn't last anywhere near long enough for them to even begin heating up. The E2 and E3 pulses aren't even a factor.