[jacquesm]

That's an interesting trick, but it does create a whole bunch of throwaway booleans. Still, I can see that if the situation gets really complex breaking it down like this can be a benefit (but not so much in the current example where it actually increases cognitive load because you will have to read more lines to figure out what is really going on rather than what the boolean name indicates, for instance, userHasPermission does not fully cover the load and if validate would return false on being sent 'null' for that data element then you could get rid of the flag altogether).