The first movie that I think plays around with the idea of a Great Filter (not quite; but close) is The Forbidden Planet, a 1950s scifi. The basic idea without spoiling it is that enhancing their own intelligence also made powerful their lizard brain of sorts. I assume freudian psychoanalysis was big in the 50s so they called it the ID in the film.
http://www.begoodenough.com/the-great-filter/