[sidek]

It's precisely how strongly we conform to grammar, without having been taught it, which shows that it's key to our internal representations/to how we learn language.

Here is the undeniable proof that syntactic structure exists. Consider the sentence `The magician pointed at the man with the hat.' This is a perfectly natural sentence, of which there are two likely interpretations. One is that the magician used a hat to point at the man. The other is that the man who was pointed at wore a hat.

What distinguishes these sentences? Only the underlying syntactic structure, of whether to parse it as `the magician pointed at (the man) with the hat' or as `the magician pointed at (the man with the hat)'. This `hierarchical structure' of our sentences is syntactic structure at its essence.

You argue that humans can understand sentences with whatever grammar, and parsing is pretty much pattern-matching of words. But what about the sentence pair : `Benny chased Jenny' versus `Jenny chased Benny'? These have the same words, and mean different things. It is only our syntactic understanding of how words are ordered in English that allows us to understand these sentences.

[microtonal]

Here is the undeniable proof that syntactic structure exists.

There are multiple hypothesis of what a sequence of words can mean, which is not the same thing as 'we form explicit syntax trees in our heads when reading a sentence'.

I could also give you the bag of words

magician point man hat

You would derive meaning from this bag of words, probably the same interpretations as in your example. However, the sentence is utterly ungrammatical. Note that I am not contending that we don't use some form of syntax at all. E.g., I think that someone whose native language has a freer word order than English will assign more hypotheses to the bag of words above (e.g., my brain also considers the less likely option that the magician is the object).

Another problematic aspect of this hypothesis is that a longer sentence will have so many possible parses that it would take a long time to construct and consider all parses. Moreover, I find it unlikely that we have thousands of exact syntax trees in our head that we compare.

[TeMPOraL]

> There are multiple hypothesis of what a sequence of words can mean, which is not the same thing as 'we form explicit syntax trees in our heads when reading a sentence'.

Yeah. I'm playing with a different idea now - maybe that "tree structure" that "undeniably exists" in our brains isn't an explicit syntax tree, but an artifact of recursive, adaptive pattern-matching? I.e. if you look at things like reading speed or "understanding" speed, you'll notice that people tend to process stuff in large blocks until something "does not click", and they have to focus and process the block in detail. That sort of feels like a recursive refinement, and any process that recurses in more than one place generates a tree structure as a side effect.