[sandworm101]

12g but empty. A structure meant to survive being filled with 10+ times (fuel+upper stage) it's own weight will survive 10+Gs without effort. In other words, the stress of a 12g acceleration isn't much different than the stress of the stage sitting on the pad a few minutes previously.

The overall structure actually goes through all sorts of stresses, not all of which are measured in G. The combination of push from the rocket and air resistance compresses the rocket from both ends, something that isn't reflected in G numbers.

[Tarrosion]

I am not a rocket scientist, but:

I think this is only sort of true. Yes, the fueled rocket is much, much heavier. But not all parts of the rocket are load bearing as it sits on the pad waiting for launch. All parts of the rocket experience the 12g (or whatever it was) deceleration.

Also, rocket skins are really, really thin (relative to their size, the forces they endure, etc.) I've read that without the fuel inside to reinforce the rocket, it is quite fragile - think of trying to crush an empty soda can vs a full one. This is part of why rockets which deviate too far from prograde on launch are ripped apart mid-air.

[mikeash]

Regarding your last part, some rockets have balloon tanks, which means that the tank requires pressurization to keep its shape.

The Falcon 9 has a sort of partial balloon tank. It's strong enough for ground handling without pressurization, but it requires pressurization to handle flight loads.

Note however that it's pressure, not fuel, that provides the extra strength. These tanks are still pressurized even when almost empty.