[ambrop7]

Nix/NixOS - everything is build not only in a chroot, but also in various namespaces. Of course that doesn't help if you actually use a package (directly or indirectly) hence executing it outside of the build chroot.

[digi_owl]

Similar with Gobolinux, iirc. With a union mount on top to redirect the files written during the install step.

Afterwards the sub-directory in /Programs can basically be turned into an archive for future installs.