[api]

The simple fact is that we have one example of a biosphere: Earth. You can't say much of anything meaningful from a sample size of one. We have no idea what aliens could be like, how many there might be, etc. until we either go find some or some (or their signals) come here.

[indrax]

What will discovering one alien race tell us about other aliens? Can we predict anything about the next unknown species discovered on earth?

[api]

If we discovered other aliens we'd have a sample size of two at least, which would enable us to say something a little more meaningful about the distribution of life in the universe.

As far as discovering species on Earth: we have many data points there so it's much easier to make meaningful predictions.

So far we don't even know for certain that there is other life in our galaxy. For all we know life may occur at a rate of, say, once per galaxy per billion years, and then only survive long enough to evolve to any significant level of complexity 10-20% of the time. Personally I doubt it's that low, but we have no evidence for either side of the argument. It amounts to just intuition at this point.

[indrax]

Why don't those categories provide information about each other?

[api]

Path-dependence from the initial starting position. Life on Earth has a certain type of biochemistry, and that biology (DNA+RNA pathways, a certain set of nucleic acids, etc.) may be only one data point in a huge array of potential biologies. Some may be very very different.

This gets into combinatorial search stuff that is hard to explain concisely, but here's a programming analogy:

Ask two programmers to develop the same huge project. Tell one to do it in JavaScript, and another to do it in C# on Windows. You will get two radically different architectures due to how these languages affect the way the programmer traverses combinatorial search space. The JS programmer might give you a bunch of Dockerized micro services that runs against a NoSQL database, while the C# programmer might give you an OOP-based monolith built around an ORM. Those two languages "want" to become those things-- it's built into their structure.

So a different biology might, for example, be biased toward less or more biodiversity, or different levels of evolutionary variation, or a different trade-off between stability and adaptability, or different levels of radiation tolerance, or different average life spans due to more or less chemical stability, etc. That in turn might yield radically different biospheres with radically different distributions of species. If it gets complex it might yield a radically different form of intelligence, like a hive mind or a distributed system or maybe something we can't even imagine. Or... some initial starting positions might never yield intelligence at all. For all we know most initial setups have a low probability of ratcheting up to this level of complexity.

We only have one data point, so we have no idea. It's like using one example of a hurricane to generalize about the behavior of all possible cyclonic storms in all possible atmospheres in the entire universe.

[V-2]

> Or... some initial starting positions might never yield intelligence at all

"Some"? I would bet on 99.99999999%.

Popular assumption that all evolution everywhere would inevitably progress towards intelligence strikes me as very biased.

Even on Earth evolution had to be "restarted" several times (great extinction events; the one that killed dinosaurs wasn't the biggest one) before humans came about.

Hell, the jump from unicellulars to multicellulars by itself took 3 billion years. It's nothing short of amazing to have such a long period of good/relatively stable "weather" on the planet.

Then, having a complex nervous system is very expensive and evolution often backs off from it: http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150424-animals-that-lost-th...

Note that again, even on Earth, intelligent life made it by the skin of its teeth. Neanderthals didn't survive, homo sapiens were very close to following them (according to some theories, eg. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory - "between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago, human populations sharply decreased to 3,000–10,000 surviving individual [...]It is supported by genetic evidence suggesting that today's humans are descended from a very small population of between 1,000 and 10,000 breeding pairs that existed about 70,000 years ago"