All programs are compilers when you come down to it. Even web apps compile web requests to HTML. There are just two kinds of programs: compilers, and daemons (which are just compilers with an infinite loop).
Many would disagree. Most on-line programs have various deadlines and scheduling requirements that are nothing at all like compilers. Their challenge is the allocation of computing resources among concurrent request in a way that tries to ensure timeliness. Some of them are also required to guarantee some coherence of distributed data. Their concerns include scheduling fairness, safety, liveness, timeliness and coherence -- very different from those of a compiler. They're not a compiler "running in a loop".
I think the best classification of programs was given by Gérard Berry[1], creator of Esterel, a very influential imperative, fully verifiable language for reactive systems[2]:
Computerized systems can be divided into three broad categories:
* Transformational systems compute output values from input values, and then stop. Most numerical computation programs, payroll programs, and compilers are transformational.
* Interactive systems constantly interact with their environment in such a way that the computers can be viewed as the masters of the interaction. A user calls for services, the system listens to him when it can, and it delivers the services when they are available. Operating systems, centralized or distributed databases, and the Internet are interactive.
* Reactive systems, also called reflex systems, continuously react to stimuli coming from their environment by sending back other stimuli. Contrarily to interactive systems, reactive systems are purely input-driven and they must react at a pace that is dictated by the environment. Process controllers or signal processors are typical reactive systems.
In another paper (The Foundations of Esterel) he expounds:
* In interactive systems... [t]he computer (network) is the leader of the interaction, and clients wait to be served. The main concerns are deadlock avoidance, fairness, and coherence of distributed information.
In reactive systems, the pace of the interaction is determined by the environment, not the computers. Most often, clients cannot wait. The main concern are correctness (safety) and timeliness.
That sounds like an optimization pass of a compiler. I'm not convinced it's meaningfully different.
My background is linguistics, so perhaps I'm biased to see everything as a compiler. However, automata theory generally provides a similar perspective.
It is because the problems and algorithms involved are completely different. An optimizer might address some of those problems in the generated code; it may be a solver for some of those problems (e.g. register allocation, which is one kind of a scheduling -- i.e. resource allocation -- problem), but it is not itself a solution to scheduling and coherence problems.
As evidence, I'd offer the fact that the verification of online programs requires temporal logic (which is strictly more powerful than, say, session types) -- Esterel itself is based on temporal logic, and TLA+ uses temporal logic to verify algorithms used in online programs -- while, AFAIK, no temporal logic is required to verify a compiler. That their verification requires different logic shows that they solve a qualitatively different problem.
I think the best classification of programs was given by Gérard Berry[1], creator of Esterel, a very influential imperative, fully verifiable language for reactive systems[2]:
Computerized systems can be divided into three broad categories:
* Transformational systems compute output values from input values, and then stop. Most numerical computation programs, payroll programs, and compilers are transformational.
* Interactive systems constantly interact with their environment in such a way that the computers can be viewed as the masters of the interaction. A user calls for services, the system listens to him when it can, and it delivers the services when they are available. Operating systems, centralized or distributed databases, and the Internet are interactive.
* Reactive systems, also called reflex systems, continuously react to stimuli coming from their environment by sending back other stimuli. Contrarily to interactive systems, reactive systems are purely input-driven and they must react at a pace that is dictated by the environment. Process controllers or signal processors are typical reactive systems.
In another paper (The Foundations of Esterel) he expounds:
* In interactive systems... [t]he computer (network) is the leader of the interaction, and clients wait to be served. The main concerns are deadlock avoidance, fairness, and coherence of distributed information.
In reactive systems, the pace of the interaction is determined by the environment, not the computers. Most often, clients cannot wait. The main concern are correctness (safety) and timeliness.
[1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Berry
[2]: http://home.ku.edu.tr/~stasiran/ecoe560/Papers/EsterelPrimer...