[jacobr1]

Or just as common but perhaps more misleading: results in isolation. Even with solid protocols and methods plenty studies, say with rat models, have a very limited factor they are testing, and identifying if there is an impact compared to a control. Unfortunately the baseline model parameters might have a huge impact on any difference observed. Like say diet prior to the study. Or genetics other than what was modified for the study. Or any number of similar things. Changing a single variable in a complex, non-linear, non-closed system with doesn't necessarily generalize to other conditions. So even good studies can mislead until they've been replicated and many variants attempted and some underlying mechanism identified.