While I agree that the rule "Thou shall not end a sentence with a preposition." seems to be a borrowed Latinate prescription and is at variance with modern English usage, inhale, deep breath, I think your example of using the phrasal verb (put up with), though common, to demonstrate your point is not a good example. :)
If we consider put-up-with as a verb that just so happens to be a compound verb-postposition-postposition _unit_ then the sentence "That's the kind of grammar prescription which we will not put up with" actually ends in a verb. If you see what I mean. Does this make sense? I'm just punting this intuitively.
I'm trying to think of an actual case where a bare adpositional word terminates a sentence... which is not in question form... and I can only think poetic uses... and after having Googled a bit... verb+prep or phrasal verb or question are the only examples I've _come across_. :)
Sorry, but that drives me crazy. I think your "verb+prep" gives the game away, as that is very common idiom. What about this: "That's the store we got the candy from." Perhaps a sentence using "where" would be more stylish, but you can't very well throw out a prescription of grammar just to immediately replace it with one of style.
Do you mean where I said, "which is not in question form..." I should've said, "that is not in question form..." My inner ear is not ringing any alarm bells there. Care to explain?
I like your example. Never mind about style. I can riff on that: "There's the table we put the apple on.", "Here's the bag I keep my laptop in." And so on. Nice!
The adage I'm familiar with is "A preposition is something you shouldn't end a sentence with". It goes hand in hand with "If any word is improper at the end of a sentence, a linking verb is".