It is absolutely not true on many (most?) operating systems; Linux is actually an outlier, and we mostly forget that it's the odd one out because it's so popular. Off the top of my head, I believe both NT and Solaris define libc as the stable interface that userspace uses; I don't recall exactly what the BSDs do, but I suspect that they at least strongly encourage using libc and not trying to talk to the kernel yourself (IIRC OpenBSD does this because some of their security measures are managed by libc). Go has hit this a few times because they don't want to depend on libc if they can avoid it, but on a lot of systems they really can't avoid it.
> Upcoming changes to the OpenBSD kernel will prevent system calls from being made unless they are coming from libc.so (with some exceptions, for example, a static binary). There are also likely to be changes to the APIs used for system calls. As such, the Go runtime (and other packages) need to stop using direct syscalls, rather calling into libc functions instead (as has always been done for Solaris and now also for macOS).
(and the "with some exceptions" is why I say "strongly encouraged")
Only UNIX based OSes use libc as part of the stable interface, which on UNIXes case actually means ISO C + POSIX.
On non-POSIX OSes like NT and plenty of others, libc is part of whatever compiler one decides to use and as such not part of any OS interface as such.
On NT the stable OS APIs are provided via the OS personalities, meaning OS/2 (dead now), the old POSIX one (also dead and replaced by WSL), and Win32 (actually User, Kernel, GDI as the main ones), which as of Windows 8 and MinWin refactoring is split into redirection dlls know as API sets, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/apiindex/wind....
Which is why on code that never intends to be portable, you will see calls like ZeroMemory instead of memset.
Yep, ntdll is the bottom of the stack. Raw syscall numbers are not guaranteed across Windows versions and in fact, can be changed by as something as small as a security update. They end up being generated automatically at build time, so there's no guarantee of any kind of stability.
Oh, interesting; I'd assumed that NT was just using libc as its stable ABI, but on further reading it looks more like ntdll.dll (probably just for that personality?). Similar concept, slightly different place. Still, my point was that under the "Windows" personalities, you talk to a library, never directly to the kernel.
Yes, ntdll is the lowest level, but you aren't supposed to use it directly, and if you do, well no one is going to help when a patch Tuesday or something like that breaks the application.
The personality DLLs are the applications entry point with the kernel.
macOS, in some sense a BSD (at least nominally), would like you to not make system calls yourself as well. Actually, not linking against libc has a number of hilarious consequences, one of which is that you bypass the platform sandbox because apparently the engineers thought it couldn't be possible to write a program without it :P
Is there an example somewhere on how to link without libc and make my own syscalls? I tried this a while ago (can't remember which version of macOS it was), fiddling with Csu, nasm etc. but couldn't quite figure it out.
I'm curious why golang architects (looks like top smart people) treated ABI as stable interface not only for Linux/Window but also initially for BSD/macOS.
With Windows "libc" is split in two: ucrt and vcruntime
ucrt is available on all modern version of Windows (since 7) and doesn't need to be statically linked or distributed with the application. It has most functions needed for the c runtime and library.
vcruntime comes with Microsoft's C/C++ compiler. It has functions such as longjmp, memcpy, memset etc and C++ exception handlers. This does not come with Windows. It can be installed separately by the user or distributed with the application (either by placing it the same folder as the exe or by statically linking).
Did it ever change the last 15 years for linux or windows systems? There are additional commands and perhaps some rules changed about which register need parameters and which need to be saved. But I cannot remember fundamental changes here.
Note that a "syscall" means calling into the kernel directly. Only Linux has stable syscalls.
As mentioned below, on Windows syscalls are highly unstable. They change with every single update to the OS. You have to call functions in ntdll and they in turn will call the kernel. Think of it like a kind of libc but one that must be dynamically linked. You can't statically link it because it's tied to the exact version of Windows you're using.
Of course Window's actual stable interface is the Win32 API, which will call ntdll which in turn makes the syscall.
Note that they can potentially change with every single update to the OS. That's why that site lists the syscall for every update. They are not stable.
I fondly remember INT 21h, and reading the 40Hex magazine along with Ralph Brown's interrupt list.
I was recently working on generating some assembly language output and I added the ability to generate a breakpoint at the start of my executable.
It took me an embarassingly long time to realize that the reason my executables were crashing, not dropping into the debugger, was that "INT3" was assembled differently than "INT 03h" - I knew I needed 0x03, and I knew it was the one-byte form of the instruction (0xCC) rather than (0xCD 0xNN), to ease patching, but .. yeah.
The thing I don't like using language like "proper" is that it creates a frame of "good or bad", when in reality everything in tech is a trade-off, rather than "good or bad".
In grad school for Operating Systems class, one of our assignments was adding a system call to the linux kernel. I found that a useful exercise - both doable in a reasonable amount of time and also a way to learn a lot.
syscall should have a stable ABI at the very least, because this would otherwise break all statically linked code.