> Does it allow you to download APKs and update them without a Google account?
No, Google Play can't be accessed anonymously (the whole point of all Google services is to coerce you into signing up for an account, so you can be tracked). You can (and should), however, create a throw away account exclusively for Raccoon.
> Can you use it to avoid installing anything Google-related on a phone?
Yes, Raccoon gives you the APK, which you can then sideload on your phone. Unless the app in question depends on something Google related, you are good to go.
The last time I tried to make a throwaway account for an android VM, Google blocked it in minutes (for "suspicious activity") and demanded a phone number to unlock it.
Can you use it to avoid installing anything Google-related on a phone?